Tham khảo Sự_kiện_tuyệt_chủng_kỷ_Permi-kỷ_Trias

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  2. 1 2 Bowring SA, Erwin DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998). “U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction”. Science 280 (5366): 1039–1045. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1039B. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039. 
  3. 1 2 Benton M J (2005). When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of all time. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28573-X. 
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  5. ↑ Labandeira CC, Sepkoski JJ (1993). “Insect diversity in the fossil record”. Science 261 (5119): 310–315. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..310L. PMID 11536548. doi:10.1126/science.11536548. 
  6. ↑ Sole RV, Newman M (2003). “Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record”. Trong Canadell JG, Mooney, HA. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, The Earth System - Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (Volume 2). New York: Wiley. tr. 297–391. ISBN 0-470-85361-1. 
  7. ↑ Erwin, D.H (1993). The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian. New York: Nhà in Đại học Columbia. ISBN 0-231-07467-0. 
  8. ↑ Shen S.-Z. và đồng nghiệp (2011). “Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction”. Science. Bibcode:2011Sci...334.1367S. doi:10.1126/science.1213454.  Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link)
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  10. ↑ Magaritz M (1989). “13C minima follow extinction events: a clue to faunal radiation”. Geology 17 (4): 337–340. Bibcode:1989Geo....17..337M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0337:CMFEEA>2.3.CO;2. 
  11. ↑ Krull S.J., Retallack J.R. (2000). “13C depth profiles from paleosols across the Permian–Triassic boundary: Evidence for methane release”. GSA Bulletin 112 (9): 1459–1472. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112.1459K. ISSN 0016-7606. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1459:CDPFPA>2.0.CO;2. 
  12. ↑ Dolenec T, Lojen S, Ramovs A (2001). “The Permian–Triassic boundary in Western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations”. Chemical Geology 175 (1): 175–190. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00368-5. 
  13. ↑ Musashi M, Isozaki Y, Koike T, Kreulen R (2001). “Stable carbon isotope signature in mid-Panthalassa shallow-water carbonates across the Permo–Triassic boundary: evidence for 13C-depleted ocean”. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193: 9–20. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.191....9M. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00398-3. 
  14. ↑ Dolenec T, Lojen S, Ramovs A (2001). “The Permian-Triassic boundary in Western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations”. Chemical Geology 175: 175–190. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00368-5. 
  15. 1 2 H Visscher, H Brinkhuis, D L Dilcher, W C Elsik, Y Eshet, C V Looy, M R Rampino, and A Traverse (1996). “The terminal Paleozoic fungal event: Evidence of terrestrial ecosystem destabilization and collapse”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (5): 2155–2158. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.2155V. PMC 39926. PMID 11607638. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.5.2155. 
  16. ↑ Foster, C.B.; Stephenson, M.H.; Marshall, C.; Logan, G.A.; Greenwood, P.F. (2002). “A Revision Of Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962: Description, Illustration, Comparison And Biological Affinities”. Palynology 26 (1): 35–58. doi:10.2113/0260035.  Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  17. ↑ López-Gómez, J. and Taylor, E.L. (2005). “Permian-Triassic Transition in Spain: A multidisciplinary approach”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 229 (1–2): 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.028. 
  18. ↑ Looy, C.V.; Twitchett, R.J.; Dilcher, D.L.; Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J.H.A.; Visscher, H. (2005). “Life in the end-Permian dead zone”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 162 (4): 7879–7883. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7879L. PMC 35436. PMID 11427710. doi:10.1073/pnas.131218098. See image 2  Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  19. 1 2 Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO, Erwin DH, Garrison GH, Kirschvink JL & Smith R (2005). “Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa”. Science 307 (5710): 709–714. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..709W. PMID 15661973. doi:10.1126/science.1107068. 
  20. ↑ Retallack, G.J.; Smith, R.M.H.; Ward, P.D. (2003). “Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa”. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 115 (9): 1133–1152. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115.1133R. doi:10.1130/B25215.1.  Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  21. ↑ Sephton, Mark A.; Visscher, Henk; Looy, Cindy V.; Verchovsky, Alexander B.; Watson, Jonathon S. (2009). “Chemical constitution of a Permian-Triassic disaster species”. Geology 37 (10): 875–878. doi:10.1130/G30096A.1.  Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  22. ↑ Rampino MR, Prokoph A & Adler A (2000). “Tempo of the end-Permian event: High-resolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian–Triassic boundary”. Geology 28 (7): 643–646. Bibcode:2000Geo....28..643R. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<643:TOTEEH>2.0.CO;2. 
  23. ↑ Wang, S.C.; Everson, P.J. (2007). “Confidence intervals for pulsed mass extinction events”. Paleobiology 33 (2): 324–336. doi:10.1666/06056.1. 
  24. ↑ Twitchett RJ Looy CV Morante R Visscher H & Wignall PB (2001). “Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis”. Geology 29 (4): 351–354. Bibcode:2001Geo....29..351T. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0351:RASCOM>2.0.CO;2. 
  25. ↑ Retallack, G.J.; Metzger, C.A.; Greaver, T.; Jahren, A.H.; Smith, R.M.H.; Sheldon, N.D. (2006). “Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land”. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 118 (11–12): 1398–1411. Bibcode:2006GSAB..118.1398R. doi:10.1130/B26011.1. 
  26. ↑ Stanley SM & Yang X (1994). “A Double Mass Extinction at the End of the Paleozoic Era”. Science 266 (5189): 1340–1344. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1340S. PMID 17772839. doi:10.1126/science.266.5189.1340. 
  27. ↑ Retallack, G.J., Metzger, C.A., Jahren, A.H., Greaver, T., Smith, R.M.H., and Sheldon, N.D (November–December 2006). “Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land”. GSA Bulletin 118 (11/12): 1398–1411. Bibcode:2006GSAB..118.1398R. doi:10.1130/B26011.1. 
  28. ↑ Ota A., Isozaki Y. (tháng 3 năm 2006). “Fusuline biotic turnover across the Guadalupian–Lopingian (Middle–Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic carbonate buildups: Biostratigraphy of accreted limestone in Japan”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26 (3–4): 353–368. Bibcode:2006JAESc..26..353O. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.04.001. 
  29. ↑ Shen, S., and Shi, G.R. (2002). “Paleobiogeographical extinction patterns of Permian brachiopods in the Asian-western Pacific region”. Paleobiology 28 (4): 449–463. ISSN 0094-8373. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0449:PEPOPB>2.0.CO;2. 
  30. ↑ Wang, X-D, and Sugiyama, T. (tháng 12 năm 2000). “Diversity and extinction patterns of Permian coral faunas of China”. Lethaia 33 (4): 285–294. doi:10.1080/002411600750053853. 
  31. ↑ Racki G (1999). “Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: survival processes and patterns”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154 (1–2): 107–132. Bibcode:1999PPP...154..107R. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00089-9. 
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